2011年成人高考高起點英語閱讀理解答題方法

成人高考高起點2011年英語閱讀理解答題方法

　　
關(guān)于作者的態(tài)度類問題(Attitude)

　　閱讀理解的最后一題常常提問在作者對文章中某一問題的態(tài)度(Attitude)、全文的基調(diào)(Tone)、文章的出處(Source)及對文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容的判斷等。

　　關(guān)于態(tài)度或基調(diào)(Attitude/Tone)類題的回答應(yīng)從篇章的體裁著手，一般來說，在說明文中作者的態(tài)度是客觀的(objective)或中立的(neutral);而在議論文中，作者的觀點才會顯得多種多樣，常風(fēng)的選項有：

　　(1)positive(積極的)

　　(2)negative(消極的)

　　(3)neutral(中立的)

　　(4)approval(贊成的)

　　(5)disapproval(不贊成的)

　　(6)indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的)

　　(7)sarcastic(諷刺的)

　　(8)critical(批評的)

　　(9)optimistic(樂觀的)

　　(10)pessimistic(悲觀的)

　　問題的幾種提問方式：

　　(1)What's the writer's attitude to …?

　　(2)What's the tone of the passage?

　　(3)The author's view is _______

　　(4)The writer's attitude of，this passage is apparently _________

　　(5)The author suggests that _________

　　(6)According to author __________

　　有文章中，作者觀點明確，文章基調(diào)清楚，而有的文章中，作者僅僅暗示對某一問題的態(tài)度和觀點，需要閱讀時仔細(xì)琢磨。解答這類問題時，首先應(yīng)請注意篇章中起連接手段作用的那些詞語;其次應(yīng)注意有些表明作者觀點詞匯，如形容詞、動詞等。

　　對文章的出處及文章前后接續(xù)內(nèi)容判斷等可從全篇著手，從個別句子或詞匯找線索進(jìn)行判斷。

　　Example ：

　　I am not so nave ，however ，as to believe that is responsible for this unfortunate situation of the American woman. I am not a feminist ，but I am an inpidualist. I do not believe there is any important difference between men and women. certainly not as much as there may be between one woman and another or one man and an-other. There are plenty of women and men，for that matter who would be completely fulfilled in being allowed to be as lazy as possible. If someone will ensconce them in a pleasant home and pay their bills，they ask no more of life. It is quite all right for these men and women to live thus so long as fools can be found who will pay so much for nothing much in return. Gigolos ，male and female，are to be found in every class and in the best of homes. But when a man does not want to be a gigolo，he has the freedom to go out and work and create as well as he can. But a woman has not. Even if her inpidual husband lets her，tradition in society is against her. In this passage the author looks on the situation of women with an attitude of .

　　A)amusement

　　B)indifference

　　C)disapproval

　　D)condemnation

　　此篇文章中，作者對待這一問題的態(tài)度十分明確、強(qiáng)硬(如用語I am not 等等)，因此只參在選項C)和D)中選擇。而從文章中的“gigolos”，"fools"等詞可看出作者不僅不贊成而且態(tài)度更甚。所以，選項C)程度還不夠，這一題的正確答案是D)

　　詞匯(Vocabulary)是三級閱讀理解測試中非常重要的一項。詞匯類其實也是就細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行提問，所不同的是這是唯一關(guān)于詞或詞組的練習(xí)項目，詞匯題往往要求對文章中的某個單詞、短語甚至句子等找出近義詞或最合適的解釋。解答這類題需要學(xué)生擁有較大的詞匯量?？墒?，單詞記憶似乎已成為學(xué)生普遍反映最頭痛的難題。閱讀理解中詞匯類問題的常見提問方式有下列幾種：

　　(1)According to the author ，the word “…”means_______.

　　(2)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to “…”?

　　(3)The term “……”in paragraph… can be best replaced by …。

　　(4)What's the meaning of “…”in line …of paragraph…。

　　(5)As used in the line …，the word “…”refers to _______.

　　一般來說，在文章的閱讀中解決釋義的最鄧辦法是猜測詞義。猜測詞義也需要一定的技巧，可以通過：1)上下文間意義的聯(lián)系;2)同義關(guān)系，反義關(guān)系;3)詞的定義;4)對詞的解釋和舉例;5)構(gòu)詞法知識猜測詞義。

　　1、利用上下文詞語意義的互相聯(lián)系猜測詞義

　　Example ：

　　The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks .They go from island to island in these light marrow boats and collect turtles' eggs

　　我們從上下文中可以得出以下信息：“canoes”是一種漁夫用樹木做的、來回于島嶼之間的、輕狹長的、類似于小船之類的東西。盡管我們可能還不能肯定它的確切解釋，但這一生詞已經(jīng)不會影響我們的閱讀和理解了。

　　Example ：

　　Jogging has become very popular in some countries ，It is believed to be a good exercise for old people.

　　“Jogging”的意思通過“a good exercise for old people ”可以推斷出是一種適合老年人的劇烈的運動方式。

　　2、利用文章中詞與詞的同義和反義關(guān)系猜測詞義

　　Example ：

　　If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city ，you might have witnessed a strange sight. You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback ，saying something.

　　在文章中可以很容易地判斷出“witnesss”的同義關(guān)系詞是“seen”，因此“witness”就是看見的意思。

　　Example ：

　　In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid ，and the summers hot and dry.

　　顯然，冬天和夏天的氣候是截然相反的，它們的修飾詞的意思也應(yīng)該截然相反。“cold”與“hot”對應(yīng)，“humid”與“dry”對應(yīng)。因此，“humid”是“潮濕”的意思。

　　3、利用文章中對詞的定義猜測詞義

　　Example：

　　Such experiences are not unusual for the amateur conchologists，people who collect shells.

　　Conchologists的意思可以根據(jù)該詞后面的同位解釋“people who collect shells”理解為收集貝殼的人或貝殼收藏家。

　　Example ：

　　Jack is now a florist，who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.

　　“florist” 的意思就是其后定語從句“who keeps a shop for selling flowers 所描述的”擁有一家專門賣花的商店的人“，即“花店主”。

　　4、利用文章中對詞的舉例及解釋猜測詞義

　　Example ：

　　Today young couples who are just starting their households of ten spend lots of their money on appliances，for instance，washing machines ，refrigerators and color TVs.

　　通過所舉的例子(washing machines ，refrigerators and color TVs)

　　可以看出，“appliances” 應(yīng)是這些名詞的總稱，即“家用電器”。

　　Example ：

　　Finally the enemy surrendered .They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.

　　通過后一句對“surrendered”的解釋：扔掉武器(throw down their weapons )，舉起雙手(with their hands over heads )可知其意是“投降”。

　　5、利用構(gòu)詞法知識(前綴和后綴)猜測詞義

　　Example ：

　　They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked him many difficult questions.

　　“estimate”是“估計”的意思，“over-”是前綴，意為“過分，過度，超　過”等，因此“overestimate”就是“高估”的意思。

　　Example ：

　　We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel .That was why we had to pay so much for it .

　　“spacious”是由“space”(名詞，空間)+“ious”(形容詞后綴變化而來的，因此，可猜測其詞義為“寬敞”。)

　　各種各樣的前、后綴可以構(gòu)成名詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞等，這些詞綴需要平時不斷地積累和記憶。掌握構(gòu)詞法知識是擴(kuò)大詞匯量和猜測生詞詞義的最佳辦法。

　　推理性問題與細(xì)節(jié)性問題相似，也是對文章具體內(nèi)容的判斷。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表達(dá)的字面含義，還要掌握一定的邏輯判斷能力及寫作技巧知識，從文章表面推出更深層含義，這部分往往出題分量大，難度大，出錯也最多，歸根結(jié)底還是對文章內(nèi)容沒有做到真正的理解和掌握。

　　Inference類問題主要包括Significance和Communication Techniques兩大類。

　　1、Significance

　　文字表面往往沒有明顯反映作者的全部意圖，有些含義需要讀者從字里行間去體會，靠自己的邏輯推理能力去判斷，從上下文的聯(lián)貫及文中有關(guān)部分的暗示去明析作者隱含的意思。這類問題的命題方式有：

　　(1)The writer implies but not directly states that__________.

　　(2)It can be inferred from the passage that_________.

　　(3)The author strongly suggests that__________.

　　(4)It can be concluded from the passage that________.

　　(5)The passage is intended to__________.

　　(6)The writer indicates that__________.

　　Example

　　Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we were to solve the nursing shortage，hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israel's example.

　　At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health ac-count that covers everything from his medical history to his emotion-al state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything else that is necessary.

　　The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization，keeping track with his progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment ，it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.

　　Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的)nursing administration;every floor，every unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse managers instead of head nurses，in addition to their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing，employee advising，and they make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurse decide among themselves who will work what shifts and when.

　　Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is a member of the Medical Executive Committee，which in most hospitals includes only doctors.

　　It can be inferred from the passage that__________.

　　A)compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient

　　B)in most hospitals nurses get low salaries

　　C)in most hospitals nurses get low salaries

　　D)compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hour at Beth Israel Hospital

　　本題要求考生判斷4個選項中哪一個是根據(jù)文章可以推斷出的結(jié)論，要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容作出合理的推斷。從本題所提供的4個選項來看，文章并未談及護(hù)士的“耐心”(A);也未談及護(hù)士的“工資待遇”(C)，只是說到護(hù)士的工資提升要由各科室推薦;更未涉及護(hù)士的“工作時間長短”(D))，文章的第一段最后一句才是得出正確答案的依據(jù)，這句的意思是：“如果我們確要解決護(hù)理工作不足的問題，那么各地醫(yī)院的行政部門和醫(yī)生最好還是效法一下Beth Israel醫(yī)院”，主句的虛擬語氣也說明這一點：迄今為止還未做到。由此可以推斷：
①護(hù)理不充分是一個應(yīng)該解決的問題;
②這個問題普遍存在，否則就沒有必要要求各地醫(yī)院行政部門和醫(yī)生效法這家醫(yī)院的做法。因此本題的正確答案為B)，本題屬于局域型問題的間接性問題，這類問題是考生出錯最多的題型。在做這類問題時，切忌從篇章的個別句子中尋找答案，而應(yīng)把目光放在全篇的理解上：作者寫這篇文章的目的是什么，針對什么問題，如何解決等。有許多考生可能都有這種體驗：有的問題，第一遍閱讀時做對了，第二遍再細(xì)讀后，又改錯了。這就是因為他們在讀第二遍時注意了對篇章的個別句于的推敲，而忽視了整篇文章的大意。

　　2、Communication Techniques

　　文章中的每一句話都有它的作用和目的，都是為作者的寫作而服務(wù)的。有的是下層意思的鋪墊，有的是上旬話的結(jié)果，互相襯托，互相聯(lián)系。四級閱讀中常常就技巧性問題提問，測試讀者對文章是否正確理解。這類題的命題方式有：

　　(1)The fact . . . is mentioned by the author to show _________.

　　(2)The author achieves his purpose by depending mainly upon.

　　(3)The writer talks about . . . in order io_________ .

　　(4)In discussing . . . ，the author _________.

　　(5)The author's statement about . . . is a . . . for . . .

　　Example ：

　　If women are mercilessly exploited year after year，they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion，they are al-ways taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it，only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way，waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened，necklines are lowered or raised，and so on.

　　No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes any thing really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth，comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort，as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day，or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high- heeled shoes.

　　When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion，the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes，one wonders，reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability?That is for you to decide .To the writer，the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as_________ .

　　A)a waste of money

　　B)waste of time

　　C)an expression of taste

　　本題問題是：女士們把過了時的衣服改來改去，在作者看來是“浪費金錢”(A));是“(女士對服裝的)喜好(品味)的表現(xiàn)”(C));是“(女士們)創(chuàng)造性的表現(xiàn)”(D));還是(B))所說的“浪費時間”。根據(jù)第二段所說的“waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have.”(Para.2，Line 4～5，答案應(yīng)選B)

　　
關(guān)于細(xì)節(jié)性問題(Suppporting Details)

　　細(xì)節(jié)性問題是關(guān)于Supporting Details類的問題，通過Skimming找出主題后，應(yīng)進(jìn)一步掌握闡述和發(fā)展主題的主要事實，或按要求找出特定細(xì)節(jié)。在回答此類問題時，應(yīng)采用查讀法(Scanning)，因為這些具體內(nèi)容(Detai1s是用來說明、論證或分析文章中心的。這類題目常以“WH-”形式來提問，如who，what，when，where，why及how等形式。這些問題的表達(dá)常不采用文章中的原話提問，而是使用同義詞語等，因此，在選擇答案前應(yīng)首先看準(zhǔn)題于，看清問題所問究竟;然后，在查讀時注意尋找與題目相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞語;最后，在充分理解原文、原題的基礎(chǔ)上確定正確答案。

　　當(dāng)然，這類細(xì)節(jié)性問題所涉及的面是很廣的。有的涉及數(shù)字計算，如問時間、距離、次數(shù)、數(shù)量等，認(rèn)真計算后方可選定正確答案;有的涉及正誤判斷，要先看選項，根據(jù)選項提供的線索，尋視文中相應(yīng)部分，最后在題中選出肯定答案;還有的尋問事實、原因、結(jié)果、目的等?？傊黾?xì)節(jié)題切忌通過自己對某類知識的主觀了解和認(rèn)識做出想像判斷，一定要緊扣文章內(nèi)容，不可隨心所欲。

　　細(xì)節(jié)類問題的命題方式有以下幾種：

　　(1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?

　　(2)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?

　　(3)What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?

　　(4)The author mentions all of the following except . . .

　　(5)The reason for . . .is . . .

　　(6)The author states that . . .

　　(7)According to the passage， when (where，why，how，who，etc.) ……

　　Example ：

　　Just seven years ago，the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark-alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for met-al-and-plastic pump -convinced the press，the public and many doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn't. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7 ，and reviewing its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure)the U. S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval ，effectively banning(禁止)the device .

　　The recall may hurt Symbion Inc. ，maker of the Jarvik-7，but it won't end the request for an artificial heart. One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a passage infection. Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed，along with a tiny power pack，in the patient’s chest. The first sample products aren't expected for another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they'11 work- and that America's overextended healthcare programs Will lose a precious $ 2.5 billion to $ 5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures(開支)cut into funding for more basic care，the net effect could actually be a decline in the nation’s health. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be ________.

　　A)a technical failure

　　B)a technical wonder

　　C)a good life-saver

　　D)an effective means to treat heart disease

　　本題是考核學(xué)生根據(jù)止下文全面理解和進(jìn)行正確判斷的能力，問的是本文論述的Jarvik-7人造心臟性能和效果到底如何。文章一開頭說Jarvik-7是一大技術(shù)成就，但文章說到：…the .U.S. Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to save them (Line -7-9)。后面又提到：Last week the agency canceled its earlier approval，effectively banning the device.這兩句話提供了這個問題的答案。因此，答案：

　　The new models of artificial hearts are expected_______.

　　A)to have a working life of 10 or 20 years

　　B)to be set fully in the patient's chest

　　C)to be equipped with an external power source

　　D)to create a new passage for infection

　　本題是考核正確理解事實細(xì)節(jié)的能力。選項已的意思與文章中第二段第三句，即“Inventors are now working…in the patient's chest.”的意思符合，因此選項B)是答案。

熱點關(guān)注: