自考 英美文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)重點

　　Old English 450-1066

　　Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century

　　Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetry

　　first time to use ‘heroic couplet’？

　　The Renaissance - rebirth or revival

　　Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance， the dignity of human being  the importance of the present life

　　Edmund Spenser - the poets‘ poet

　　Christopher Marlowe - University Wits， the pioneer of English drama

　　Blank verse， hyperbole夸張

　　the human passion for knowledge， power and happiness

　　pastoral life

　　William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present time

　　Four tragedies - Hamlet， Othello， King Lear  Macbeth

　　eternal or immortal beauty

　　to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio， to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty， wit and loyalty， to expose the insatiable greed and brutality  hesitate between fact and fiction， language and action， too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger

　　To be， or not to be - to live on in this world or to die； to suffer or to take action

　　Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters

　　Francis Bacon - brevity， compactness  powerfulness， his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method 歸納法 in place of deductive method 演繹法 uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight， for ornament， and for ability. Studies perfect nature， and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary 互補 to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man， conference a ready man， and writing an exact man.

　　John Donne

　　metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry， a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes， and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits， syllogism 三段論

　　the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere

　　whatever you are， you can not escape from death. When you are living， you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment， our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people， not only the pleasure of the rest  the sleep， because ‘whom the gods love die young’。 Though death is usually considered powerful， it actually provides a rest for a man‘s body and a birth for his soul.

　　John Milton

　　the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven， Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.

　　the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.

　　Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works， order， logic， restrained emotion抑制情感  accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement， reason （rationality）， equality  science

　　Gothic novel - mystery， horror  castles

　　John Bunyan

　　from ， a religious allegory， pursue the truth

　　Alexander Pope

　　a poem written in heroic couplets， criticize the present poem lack of true taste  call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance， ‘true wit’ is best set in a plain （simple  clear） style.

　　Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people， praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude 清教徒堅韌

　　Jonathan Swift - a master satiristIn his opinion， human nature is seriously and permanently flawed

　　Proper words in proper places

　　， four parts - Lilliput， Brobdingnag， Flying Island  Houyhnhnm

　　Henry Fielding - Father of English novel， Prose HomerComic epic in prose

　　Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary， last neoclassicist enlightener

　　Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th century

　　and  are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.

　　Thomas Gray

　　The Graveyard School

　　Romantic - emotion over reason， spontaneous emotion， a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit， poetry should be free from all rules， imagination， nature， commonplace

　　The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge‘s

　　William Blake -engraver雕刻家

　　from  a happy and innocence world from children‘s eye

　　from  a world of misery， poverty， disease， war and repression with a melancholy 憂郁的tone from men eyes Childhood， paradoxes， a pairing of opposites

　　William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry， simple， spontaneous， worshipper of nature‘Lake Poets’ - William Wordsworth， Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a ‘man speaking to men’， and poetry as ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings， which originates in ’emotion recollected in tranquillity‘。

　　the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature， the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils 水仙 and poet‘s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.

　　the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London， silent， bright， glittering， smokeless  mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety 虔誠for nature.

　　thanks to poet‘s rich imagination， the mass of associations， this commonplace happening becomes a striking event， the poet succeeds in making the reader’s share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet‘s passionate love of nature.

　　Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural， remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic （supernatural）  the conversational

　　The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - ， ，

　　George Gordon Byron

　　‘Byronic hero’ is a proud， mysterious rebel figure of noble origin， against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in .

　　‘will die fighting， or live free’ the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet‘s great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.

　　from  （the masterpiece of Byron， a long satirical poem）， song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. ‘Fill high the bowl with Samian wine’？

　　Percy Bysshe Shelley

　　terza rima， destructive-constructive potential， hopeful， ‘I fall upon the thorns of life！ I bleed！’， ‘If Winter comes， can Spring be far behind？’

　　John Keats

　　4 great odes - ， ， ，

　　the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience 短暫of human passion， ‘Heard melodies are sweet， but those unheard are sweeter’， ‘Beauty is truth， truth beauty’

　　Jane Austen

　　The Victorian Period

　　Darwin‘s  and  shook the traditional faith， everything is created by GodUtilitarianism 功利主義 was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

　　Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age

　　Character-portrayal is th