“歐洲文化入門”聽課筆記

　　Homer   Author of epics

　　Sappho Lyric poet

　　三大悲劇家：

　　Aeschylus

　　Tragic dramatist

　　Sophocles    Tragic dramatist

　　Euripides    Tragic dramatist

　　喜劇家：

　　Aristophanes   Comedy writer

　　歷史學(xué)家：

　　Herodotus  wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians  Father of history

　　Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse

　　the greatest historian that have ever lived

　　哲學(xué)和科學(xué)：

　　Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics

　　Heracleitue Fire is the primary element

　　Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory

　　Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method

　　Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

　　Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made

　　concrete individual realities

　　Euclid  a textbook of geometry

　　Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the

　　weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I‘ll move

　　the World“

　　Others Diogenes （the Cynics） Pyrrhon（the Sceptics） Epicurus （the Epicureans） Zeno

　　（the Stoics）

　　4th century B.C.后半葉希臘在Alexander， king of Macedon的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，5th century B.C.達(dá)到頂峰，146 B.C.被羅馬攻克

　　2.基督教和圣經(jīng)

　　Jews —以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿過中東沙漠，1300B.C.Moses帶領(lǐng)Hebrews離開埃及，開始他們的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他們?cè)贐abylon形成synagogue（憂太集會(huì)）來發(fā)揚(yáng)他們的教義。

　　Jesus Christ生活在第一個(gè)羅馬帝國Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教為國教。

　　Hebrew 人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament，舊約包含39本書，寫了從1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，舊約主要由 Hebrew寫成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本書，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻譯成了英語，Greek Bible叫Septuagint

　　3.中世紀(jì)

　　開始于476年西羅馬帝國的衰敗

　　5-11世紀(jì)

　　a period in which classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged

　　1054，教堂分裂為the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

　　反擊Moslems，開始了Crusades

　　Charles Martel給士兵們estates known as fiefs in 732

　　St. Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）寫了 Summa Theologica，這本書sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他認(rèn)為feudal hierarchy（層次，等級(jí)） of society is God‘s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ‘s Plenipotentiary

　　Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular

　　Roger Bacon and Experimental Science  one of the earliest advocates of scientific research， called for careful observation

　　Dante（但?。?nbsp; 神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature

　　Chaucer  first modern poet in English literature

　　4.文藝復(fù)興與宗教改革

　　14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice

　　Boccaccio  the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世紀(jì)

　　Petrarch  Sonnet， father of modern poetry

　　文藝復(fù)興早期的藝術(shù)家：

　　Giotto  forerunner of renaissance

　　Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective

　　Donatello  one of the first artists engaged in anatomy

　　Giorgione  made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures

　　意大利文藝復(fù)興全盛時(shí)期的四位藝術(shù)家：

　　Da Vinci

　　Michelangelo

　　Raphael Known for his

　　Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western World

　　Pre-Luther Religious Reformers

　　John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation， took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382

　　Jan Hus Czech Religious leader

　　John Calvin  基督教教義 one of the most influential theological works Calvinism

　　Rabelais  拉伯雷  french writer

　　Ronsard Pleiade七星詩社代表人  法國第一個(gè)近代抒情詩人

　　Montaigne  蒙田 散文集 French Writer

　　Cervantes  father of modern European novel spain

　　Thomas More  British writer

　　Shakespeare 作品包括》 》 >  crowned literature of England 代表歐洲文藝復(fù)興的最高成就

　　Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 現(xiàn)代天文學(xué)之父

　　Vesalius  marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy （解剖學(xué)） founder of modern medicine

　　Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy

　　Machiavelli Father of political science

　　Vosari .

　　1492， Columbus發(fā)現(xiàn)了America

　　1487，Dias發(fā)現(xiàn)了the cape of good hope

　　1497，da Gama發(fā)現(xiàn)了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope

　　5. 17世紀(jì)

　　Copernicus  天體運(yùn)行論 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine

　　Kepler Kepler‘s Law （the three laws of planetary motion）德 國 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation

　　Galileo 意大利 acceleration in dynamics， the law of inertia， the law of falling bodies動(dòng)力加速度，慣性定律，落體定律

　　Newton  英國

　　Leibniz  Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意識(shí)）conscious（意識(shí)）unconscious/subconscious （潛意識(shí)）他和牛頓都是caculus的創(chuàng)始人

　　Milton Areopagitica，

　　English revolution

　　Bacon   Knowledge is power 英國 反對(duì)deductive method，創(chuàng)立了inductive method 認(rèn)為哲學(xué)應(yīng)該與神學(xué)分開

　　Hobbes 利維坦 Materialist （knowledge come from experience） Social Contract 英國 認(rèn)為最好的統(tǒng)治方式是monarchy

　　Locke  政治論 Materialist views （ideas derived from sensation or from reflection） Social Contract

　　英國在英國革命中有兩個(gè)領(lǐng)袖，Cromwell 和John Milton

　　Cromwell the man of action

　　John Milton the man of thought

　　在英國文學(xué)史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer

　　Descartes 笛卡爾  Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am  法國 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France

　　Corneille 高乃依熙得 法國第一部古典主義悲劇，表現(xiàn)責(zé)任與愛情的沖突

　　Racine

　　the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表現(xiàn)情感和理性的沖突

　　Moliere 達(dá)爾杜夫憤世嫉俗吝嗇鬼 the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies

　　很多科學(xué)器械在被發(fā)明：microscope， telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum

　　1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高無上的權(quán)利

　　法國最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front

　　East Front of the Louvre

　　英國最著名建筑：St. Paul‘s Cathedral

　　6.啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng) the age of reason

　　18th century intellectual movement starting from France

　　the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and Issac Newton.Locke‘s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitation

　　Major force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes