2002年10月“歐洲文化入門”考前串講資料

　　Homer   Author of epics

　　Sappho Lyric poet

　　Aeschylus

　　Tragic dramatist

　　Sophocles    Tragic dramatist

　　Euripides    Tragic dramatist

　　Arostophoes     Comedy writer

　　Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history

　　Thucydides Athens and Sparta， Syracuse historian

　　Pythagoras All things were numbers

　　Heracleitue Fire is the primary element

　　Democritus Materialist ， atomic

　　Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method

　　Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

　　Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made concrete individual realities

　　Euclid  geometrist

　　Others Diogenes， Pyrrhon， Epicurus philosophy

　　Cicero Far less rhetorical， but colloquial and intimate Prose writer

　　Caesar I came， I saw， I conquered Prose writer

　　Lucretius On the nature of things poet

　　Virgil -Aeneas-tragic hero

　　4th century B.C.后半葉希臘在Alexander，king of Macedon的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，5th century B.C.達(dá)到頂峰，146B.C.被羅馬攻克。

　　l 基督教和圣經(jīng)

　　Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿過中東沙漠，1300B.C.Moses帶領(lǐng)Hebrews離開埃及，開始他們的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他們在Babylon形成synagogue（憂太集會(huì)）來發(fā)揚(yáng)他們的教義。

　　Jesus生活在第一個(gè)羅馬帝國Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教為國教。

　　Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament，舊約包含39本書，寫了從1000B.C.-100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，舊約主要由 Hebrew寫成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本書，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻譯成了英語，Greek Bible叫Septuagint

　　l 中世紀(jì)

　　開始于476西羅馬帝國得衰敗

　　5-11世紀(jì)

　　在文化上繼承了Roman culture，出現(xiàn)了Hebrew and Gothic culture

　　feudalism主要是一種system of land holding，for exchanging military service，它還是一種local and decentralized government

　　1045，教堂分裂為the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

　　反擊Moslems，開始了Crusades

　　Charles Martel給士兵們estates known as fiefs in 732

　　St. Thomas Aquinas寫了The Summa Theologica總結(jié)了中世紀(jì)神學(xué)的所有知識并形成了系統(tǒng)，他認(rèn)為feudal hierarchy of society is God‘s rule

　　The power of feudal rulers is God‘s will

　　Pope is Crist‘s Plenipotentiary

　　中世紀(jì)封建社會(huì)的人主要分為三個(gè)等級：clergy， lords， peasants

　　Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular.

　　l 文藝復(fù)興與宗教改革

　　Boccaccio Decameron

　　Cervantes Don Quixote（crowned literature of Spain）

　　Petrarch  Sonnet，father of modern poetry

　　Da Vinci   Artist in Italy

　　Michelangelo Artist in Italy

　　Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy

　　Titian Oil color Artist in Italy

　　Ronsard France

　　Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France

　　Montaigne The Essais France

　　Thomas More Utopia

　　Shakespeare crowned literature of England

　　Copernicus The father of modern astronomy

　　Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy

　　Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy

　　Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography

　　Dante

　　Vosari

　　others Giotto，Brunelleschi，Donatello，Giorgione，Spencer， Bacon artists

　　Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它主張用the Bible的絕對權(quán)威取代the Roman Catholic Church的絕對權(quán)威，這促進(jìn)了資本主義的發(fā)展。

　　1492， Columbus發(fā)現(xiàn)了America

　　1487，Dias發(fā)現(xiàn)了the cape of good hope

　　1497，da Gama發(fā)現(xiàn)了繞過好望角去印度的航線

　　英國在Elizabeth I的統(tǒng)治下達(dá)到鼎盛時(shí)期

　　宗教改革以后，基督教分裂為：the Protestant and the Roman Catholic

　　Humanism是文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代的靈魂思想

　　l 17世紀(jì)

　　Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus

　　Milton Areopagitica，

　　English revolution

　　Bacon Knowledge is power England

　　Descartes I think therefore I am France

　　Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists

　　Racine

　　Moliere

　　Locke

　　很多科學(xué)器械在被發(fā)明：microscope， telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum

　　Bacon認(rèn)為哲學(xué)應(yīng)該與神學(xué)分開

　　Leibniz區(qū)別了人的三種理解程度，自我意識，意識，潛意識（無意識）

　　Bacon反對deductive method，創(chuàng)立了inductive method

　　Hobbes認(rèn)為最好的統(tǒng)治方式是monarchy

　　1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高無上的權(quán)利

　　英國大革命中，Cromwell帶領(lǐng)行動(dòng) Milton提供思想

　　法國最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front

　　East Front of the Louvre

　　英國最著名建筑：St. Paul‘s Cathedral

　　17th：physics， mathematics

　　18th：chemistry

　　19th：biology

　　20th：psychology

　　French classicism

　　Baroque art

　　Newton

　　Galileo

　　l 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)

　　Diderot   France

　　Montesquieu Separation of powers

　　Voltaire

　　Hobbes Social contract

　　Locke Social contract

　　Rousseau

　　Swift

　　Defoe

　　Henry Fielding

　　Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval

　　Lessing  German dramastistGerman classicim

　　Goethe

　　schiller

　　Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis

　　Pope poet Dr.Johnson  lexicographer

　　J.S.Bach ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment

　　Handel

　　Haydn Classical period Viennese school

　　Mozart

　　Beethoven Romantic Movement

　　18世紀(jì)兩大著名運(yùn)動(dòng)：The American War of Independence（1776）

　　The Declaration of Independence

　　The French Revolution（1789）

　　Declaration of the Rights of Man

　　Rococo藝術(shù)的典型建筑代表：Hotel de Soubise

　　Addison， Steele在期刊The Tatler ， The Spectator上發(fā)表論文

　　The Enlightenment

　　Rococo art

　　l 現(xiàn)實(shí)主義

　　France

　　Balzzac

　　Stendhal  a novel is a mirror walking along the road

　　Flaubert first French realist Objectivity， detachment

　　Zora  Naturalism， scientific heredity

　　Maupssant

　　Chickikov A character in  Shame， and hypocrisy

　　Peter the Great Russian reforms. End the middle age

　　Dostoyevsky

　　Ibsen  For women hypocrisy and seemy politics

　　Strindberg Autobiograpgical Existence and self-realization

　　English

　　George Eliot  Scientific， reason，objectivity

　　Charles Dickens

　　Thackeray  Becky Sharp

　　Thomas Hardy Wessex  uperior， pitiless， indifference

　　Berbard Shaw Fabian society major Barbara> Nobel Prize in 1925

　　Russia

　　Gogol

　　Turgenev First gain recognition in the west

　　Dostoevsky

　　Tolstoy

　　Other countries

　　Walt Whitman

　　Henry James The master beyond all masters， psychological subtle